Authentic Assessment Of A Natural Environment ( Caregiver,...

Introduction Upon analyzing, and synthesizing two scholarly articles to facilitate this writer with a better understanding of authentic assessment, scenarios and examples were provided as evidence on the impact and importance of authentic assessment in a natural environment (caregiver, home or school). Both articles revealed the authors’ purpose and perspective that authentic assessment provides a representation of students’ strengths and weakness along with opportunities for them to associate and link this learning to life experiences. Similarities and Contrast Bergen (1993) and Dennis, Rueter, Simpson (2013) both shared similarities that authentic assessment is performance based, and addresses how it relates to their belief that it provides numerous opportunities for students to show mastery of content. This manifested when Bergen (1993) shared a story of her earliest association with authentic assessment: I still remember my first authentic performance assessment, although it occurred many years ago. My task was to play the xylophone (even a small solo part!) with the kindergarten rhythm band at the mid-year parent meeting. Until this day, I can remember the simple score of the song we played and can even perform it whenever I encounter a xylophone. I cannot speak for the other members of my class, but I would not doubt that some of them remember how they played the bells, the tambourines or the drums and how our performance made us the hit of the meeting! In orderShow MoreRelatedAuthentic Assessment Of A Natural Environment ( Caregiver, Home Or School )1355 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Two scholarly articles were analyzed and synthesized to facilitate this writer with an understanding of authentic assessment. Scenarios and examples were provided as evidence on the impact and importance of authentic assessment in a natural environment (caregiver, home or school). Both articles revealed the authors’ purpose and perspective that authentic assessment provides a representation of students’ strengths and weakness along with opportunities for them to associate and linkRead MoreCurrent Issues and Trends in Assessment in Early Childhood Education6428 Words   |  26 PagesCurrent Issues and Trends in Assessment in Early Childhood Education The 1980s brought a new reform movement in education, accompanied by a new emphasis on testing. The effort to improve education at all levels included the use of standardized tests to provide accountability for what students are learning. Minimum competency tests, achievement tests, and screening instruments were used to ensure that students from preschool through college reached the desired educational goals and achieved the minimumRead MoreCompassion Fatigue9142 Words   |  37 PagesCOMPASSION FATIGUE AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS A PROPOSAL PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF UNIVERSITY OF THE VISAYAS CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN NURSING MAJOR IN NURSING MANAGEMENT BY: CONCHITA BRANZUELA BERGADO CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM INTRODUCTION: Quality of life among healthcare providers will matter on the quality and safety of patient care. Today the proportionRead MoreEssay on Short Term Pastoral Counseling Final15227 Words   |  61 Pagesredemption provided by Jesus Christ. (2 Timothy 3:16-17; Ephesians 1:7) I will be using the solution-based, short-term pastoral counseling model based on Kollar’s (2011) Solution-Focused Pastoral Counseling, and Hawkins’ Pastoral Counseling Scenario and Assessment Model. Upon reviewing the case study Crossroads: A Story of Forgiveness, I have chosen Brody as the counselee who will be participating in the counseling process. Brody is a â€Å"S/I† personality type and exhibits â€Å"S† behaviors such relating best toRead MoreLevel HSC Unit 40 - Lead positive behavioural support.14060 Words   |  57 Pagespeople to stay in their homes and schools environments. The Positive Behaviour Support model has a strong and growing body of supporting research evidence. The British Psychological Society, The Royal College of Psychiatrists and The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (2007) recommend PBS as the primary intervention model for challenging behaviour and the Mansell Report (2007) advises staff receive training in PBS or related models. PBS is widely being used in schools and is starting to beRead MoreHumanistic Nursing8354 Words   |  34 Pages Josephine Paterson was born on the 1st of September of 1924 in Freeport, New York. Loretta and Josephine spent their early school years during the depression of the 1930s. Josephine G. Paterson was also learning the role of a nurse as well as work responsibilities during this same time period. She had graduated in August of 1945 with a diploma from Lenox Hill School of Nursing in New York. She finished a couple of years earlier than Loretta Zderad and within a year of WW II ending. Nine yearsRead MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 Pagesthan that blown by the successful teacher. Sir William Osler Canadian Physician, 20th Century Teaching Stories: Debra Bankay Debra Bankay is an elementary-school teacher who, wanted students to use their research skills to learn prior to her certification in Ontario, taught at a private about the Fathers of Confederation. I also wanted school based in the Froebel philosophy. Friedrich to incorporate play-based activities that would help Froebel, best known as the founder of kindergarten, themRead MoreFactors Affecting Motivation to Learn English25117 Words   |  101 PagesStudy 2.3.1 The Behaviourist Theory 2.3.2 The Nativist Theory 2.3 3 The Social Cognitive Theory 2.4 Justification for choosing the Social Cognitive Theory As Theoretical Framework 2.4.1 Parents as Socializing Agents 2.4.2 Socializing by Teachers and School Culture 2.4.3 Socializing and Peer Influence 2.5 Other Research Variables 2.5.1 Learning Styles 2.5.1.1 Visual Learning Style 2.5.1.2 Aural Learning Style 2.5.1.3 Verbal Learning Style 2.5 2 Students’ Attitude and Perception 2.6 Conceptual FrameworkRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageswith â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions : Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 AnRead MorePlenary Session69346 Words   |  278 PagesConsequently, ENFJs might avoid being alone, and fill their lives with activities involving other people. ENFJs tend to define their life s direction and priorities according to other people s needs, and may not be aware of their own needs. It s natural to their personality type that they will tend to place other people s needs above their own, but they need to stay aware of their own needs so that they don t sacrifice themselves in their drive to help others. ENFJ s tend to be more reserved about Authentic Assessment Of A Natural Environment ( Caregiver,... Introduction Two scholarly articles were analyzed and synthesized to facilitate this writer with an understanding of authentic assessment. Scenarios and examples were provided as evidence on the impact and importance of authentic assessment in a natural environment (caregiver, home or school). Both articles revealed the authors’ purpose and perspective that authentic assessment provides a representation of students’ strengths and weakness along with opportunities for them to associate and link this learning to life experiences. Similarities and Contrast Bergen (1993) and Dennis, Rueter, Simpson (2013) both shared similarities that authentic assessment is performance based, and addresses how it relates to their belief that it provides†¦show more content†¦The contribution of every member was important and a complexity of different roles existed within the group. Also, it was a real event in which our performance counted. (p.100) At this point, Bergen presented an opportunity where a child could be appraised while unveiling multiple competencies, thus sanctioning additional opportunities to exhibit mastery. Bergen (1993) states, â€Å"because authentic assessment is complex and requires more time...teachers may feel that they cannot practically accomplish these activities† (101). In contrast, Dennis, Rueter, Simpson (2013) validate authentic assessment with a case-study of a child transitioning from Early Childhood Intervention Services into public school. This exemplifies the intricacies required for progress monitoring by using methods of authentic assessments i.e. interviews, observations (running records, anecdotal records, ABC Analysis) portfolios and a performance-based assessment to confirm that this process not only identifies delays, but â€Å"...provide a basis from which the teacher can design a targeted strategy for a child or group of children† (p.191). As a result, a plan was developed to help the case-study learner transition into his/her new setting. Reliability and Accuracy Applicability of Cited Sources Bergen

Past Events That Have Shaped the Present - 1922 Words

Past Events that have shaped the Present Kristy Schlak Axia College of the University of Phoenix Past Events that have shaped the Present Remembering our past is important; events that happened yesterday can shape next week or next year. The interesting thing about history is that it is not always recognized as important until much later. When Britain and France tried to appease Hitler with part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, the significance of giving into Hitler’s demands was not fully realized until Hitler advanced further into Czechoslovakia and invaded Poland, (BBC, 2008). Giving in to what was thought of as a small demand set in motion a series of events that resulted in the loss of countless lives, destruction in many parts of the†¦show more content†¦First dismissed by the White House as, â€Å"a third rate burglary attempt,† (Davidson, 2006, p. 925) this action led to the end of Richard M. Nixon’s presidential career and a new attitude about the power held by the President of the United States of America. The men arrested included a former memb er of the CIA and a GOP security aide, later it was discovered they were attempting to bug the Democratic National Committee headquarters. Through the work of Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein and the FBI more information is uncovered and links between the crime and the White House are unveiled. A check intended for campaign efforts, in the amount of $25,000, was deposited into one of the burglar’s bank accounts and a secret fund controlled by Attorney General John Mitchell intended for use in spying on the democrats is exposed. Recordings by Nixon of conversations related to the incident are then discovered and Nixon is ordered to surrender them. He refuses initially but in the end hands over the tapes and the first acts of Impeachment begin. Nixon had proclaimed innocence but in the end resigns and is pardoned of any charges by his successor and former Vice President Gerald R. Ford, (Watergate.Info, 2007). This was the first resignation of a presiden t. It was broadcast in the media for the world to see, influencing the current attitude of getting information on anyone no matter the cost and airing itShow MoreRelatedEssay on William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying1045 Words   |  5 Pagesof view presents an objective view of what really happened.† This statement is not adequate in connection with William Faulkner’s novel, As I Lay Dying. Though many points of view are expressed through the use of interior monologue, even when compiled, they cannot serve as an â€Å"objective† view of what really happened. There are many monologues by many different people, often with opposing ideas and beliefs. Together the novel is a collection of half-truths, with each set of events shaped by whatRead MoreDo We Have a Free Will? Essay example1462 Words   |  6 Pages Do We Have A Free Will? An individual with â€Å"Free Will† is capable of making vital decisions and choices in life with own free consent. The individual chooses these decisions without any outside influence from a set of â€Å"alternative possibilities.† The idea of â€Å"free will† imposes a certain kind of power on an individual to make decisions of which he or she is morally responsible. This implies that â€Å"free will† would include a range of aspects such as originality, moral value, and self-governance. HoweverRead MoreE. H. Carr Believes Everyone Draws Their Own Conclusions in His Book, The Historian and His Facts, and Causation in History616 Words   |  3 PagesIt’s all about the viewpoint of the individual researching or telling the event. Carr supports this idea by stating that, everyone draws their own conclusions. This idea of having your own conclusions is the case for writing and recording history as a historian from the beginning of human history. Ever y historian has a bias or a viewpoint on a historical topic and event. Some historians focus only on one side of the event while, others focus on multiple sides, but pick which one they believe is aRead MoreTheme Of Change In The Poisonwood Bible867 Words   |  4 PagesThe changing of narrators in The Poisonwood Bible allows the audience to see to see how the same event can impact others and their personal growth in different ways, and with the different tense between Orleanna and her children allows the reader see how the change each of the women faces will make a lasting impact for years to come. The changing of narrators allows the reader to see how the same event can impact others in different ways. One instance of this in the novel is when Ruth May dies. AfterRead MoreThe World Of World History1284 Words   |  6 Pages Summer Work Preface: I. World history explores human pasts worldwide to help us understand the world around us. To help us understand that the world needs to continue to develop or we will fall behind. This text talks about how human migration and trade amongst other things has gotten us to where we are today. A.Generalization of World history B.Periodization C.Key events D.Conclusion II. The world history explores the past so humans around the world can understand the terrene aroundRead More The Importance of History Essay992 Words   |  4 Pageslives because it?s important to acknowledge past events that have occurred in our world that deeply influences the present. This essay will discuss what history is, and why we study it. History is the study of past events leading up to the present day. It is a research, a narrative, or an account of past events and developments that are commonly related to a person, an institution, or a place. It is a branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past happenings. Focusing on the people involvedRead More It is Important to have Knowledge of History Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesIt is Important to have Knowledge of History Though the past may bring a revival and restoration of the misery(Limerick 473), I believe it is necessary to know and study our past. Through this essay I shall explain how knowledge of the past helps improve the quality of future output, satisfy our human thirst for knowledge, and understand certain polices and regulations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even in our everyday life we can see how past knowledge helps to improve the futures outcome. Whether it is improvementRead MoreCloud Atlas And The Horrible Ordeal Of Timothy Cavendish1551 Words   |  7 PagesTime is â€Å"the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present and future regarded as a whole† (Oxford Dictionary). David Mitchell uses his novel Cloud Atlas to explore this complicated concept gravely. Even through the way the novel is laid out (in layers with only half of each story given at first), each story noticeably intersects and interacts with shared characters – either in the flesh or the reincarnations of them. Similarly, this layout exhibits an attempt at postmodernistRead MoreAnalysis On Jayson Mcleod s Life997 Words   |  4 Pagesdestiny, but rather a series of events intertwined with a preceding series of events. The Greeks once believed that the weather was at the whim of the gods. The Greeks lat er changed their worldview away from the notion that the gods control weather. From this they began to notice weather patterns allowing for safer sea trade which in turn brought prosperity to the Greek peninsula. It is this sort of cause and effect that shapes the world we live in. Jayson’s family’s past is a large part of what shapesRead MoreThe Cultural Crossroads Of The Americas794 Words   |  4 Pagesbuildings and symbols that represent American culture. This paper will analyze the social histories, national histories, and religious histories present in Haozous’ â€Å"The Cultural Crossroads of the Americas† in order to evaluate its effectiveness in conveying a past-present dialectic. Social histories â€Å"focus on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past† (Martin Nakayama, 2012). When looking at the left side of the sculpture, a glimpse of what Native Americans needed to do to remain sustainable

The Failed Offensive Free Essays

The year 1961 saw the attempt of Cuban exiles to replace the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro, and it was on April 17 on the same year when aerial bombings were launched as an attack by a coalition backed by the United States against Cuba which later came to be known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Although the United States helped in the planning and in the funding of the invasion, it failed right after the night landing of the invasion was discovered which led to the defeat of the invasion just within three days. It is because of the immediate discovery and the reports about the invasion which practically enabled the Cuban government of Castro to frustrate the invasion and capture a large number of invaders. We will write a custom essay sample on The Failed Offensive or any similar topic only for you Order Now The consequence of the failed invasion is for Castro to start obtaining nuclear warheads from the Soviet government in the fear of another invasion backed by the United States, thereby leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. History The history of the Bay of Pigs invasions stems before the time of the Kennedy administration. Miller and Miller observe that the strains between the relations of Cuba and America stems back from immigration issues. They observe that: As the number of immigrants increased, relations with Cuba began to deteriorate after 1959. In June 1960 U. S. oil refineries in Cuba refused to process Russian crude oil. The Cuban government retaliated by nationalizing the oil refineries. On July 5, 1960, the Cuban government nationalized all U. S. property in Cuba. In retaliation, the United States canceled Cuba’s sugar export quota. This action amounted to an economic sanction against Cuba (Miller and Miller, p. 53). In the following years, the tension between the two countries grew and the desire to free Cuba from the leadership of Castro intensified. Miller and miller notes: Attempts to free Cuba from Castro’s regime began under the Eisenhower administration, and under the Kennedy administration, U. S. -Cuban relations continued to deteriorate. Less than three months after becoming president, Kennedy authorized an invasion of Castro’s regime by Cuban exiles on April 17, 1961. Regrettably for the United States, the 1,500-man exile force was defeated in less than 72 hours. The invasion increased Castro’s political power and popularity. As William Goodwin, a White House advisor, stated: â€Å"It made him even more of a hero as the man who had defended Cuba against the greatest power in the world (Miller and Miller, p. 54). â€Å" Almost a year before the actual Bay of Pigs Invasion, the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency recommended to then-President Dwight Eisenhower a plan to equip Cuban exiles and use them for action against the newly established socialist Cuban government led by Fidel Castro. Since it was the policy of the American government to provide military, logistics and strategic assistance to guerilla forces fighting the government of Castro, the CIA pursued to train Cuban exiles for the mission. Among the first plans to be adopted for the invasion is to land the Cuban exiles near the city of Trinidad, Cuba since the site gave a handful of choices for the brigade of Cuban exiles to exploit at the height of the invasion in the coming days. At the least, the site gave the exiles the advantage of a beach landing and of returning to the mountains for a possible retreat as the necessity would arise. However, the progress of the plans to invade Cuba led to several changes such as the change in the landing spot for Brigade 2506 from Trinidad to the Bay of Pigs. As a result, contacts with the rebels situated in the Escambray Mountains were cut thereby reducing the military support the Cuban exiles needed. Further, senior KGB operatives Osvaldo Sanchez Cabrera and â€Å"Aragon† warned the Cuban government about the forthcoming invasion, thus giving Castro and his military men the time to anticipate and plan their counter moves against the U. S. -backed offensive. All these changes in the invasion plan under the helm of President Kennedy after seeking information to his advisors if the overthrow of Fidel Castro could be tied with weapon shipments. The Invasion The invasion could be divided into at least three actions: sea, air and land offensives. The invasion was initiated with three flights of B-2B bombers on the early hours of April 15, 1961. As aircrafts with the markings of the Cuban Fuerza Armada Revolucionaria (CRAF) flew over and bombarded the airfields of Antonio Maceo International Airport, San Antonio de los Banos and Ciudad Libertad, counter air attacks against the CRAF, named Operation Puma, were also formed. In the attempt to paralyze the air force of the Cuban government through the air attacks, the first air operations failed primarily because the air strikes were discontinued as opposed to what was original intended. There was a second attempt to foil the air force of the Cuban government by launching another air attack. However, the second plan was cancelled because President Kennedy hoped to make the operation look as if the Cuban exiles were the ones responsible in the attacks and not the U. S. government. By doing so, the American government can easily deny accusations of being held responsible for the operation. The cancellation of the air assaults on the air fields of Cuba largely contributed to the failure of the invasion and the deaths of many Cuban exiles. Almost two days after the failed air strikes, approximately 1,300 Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs situated at the Cuban southern coast. Armed with weapons provided by the American government, the exiles intended to proceed to Havana in the hopes of gaining local support. At first, the invaders were able to suppress the ground militia at the beach, forcing the Cuban forces to surrender. It was under the prerogative of President Kennedy to use air force to support ground troops but he never opted to do so. As a result, the armies of the government of Castro were able to stop the invading forces at the Bay of Pigs. Naval offenses also took a crucial role in the offensives, with the invader ship Blagar fighting off Cuban aircrafts and with the naval forces of Castro losing at least one ship, the P. C. Baire. The aftermath Although the exact number of deaths for the Cuban government is widely disputed, it can hardly be argued that the death toll went by the thousands. Interestingly, even though the casualties among the Cuban government were higher in contrast to the invading forces, the Castro government ended up gaining as much as $53 million worth of food and medicine in exchange for the lives of the captured exiles who were sentenced to thirty years in prison for treason. However, negotiations for the release of the captured exiles took almost twenty months which started from the demand of Castro for 500 large tractors to his demand of $28 million. In the end, 1,113 prisoners were released in exchange for $53 million worth of food and medicine; the funds were supposedly obtained from private donations. It was also reported that President Kennedy hesitated to back the ground forces of the Cuban exiles with further air strikes because Kennedy did not want a full scale war. In doing so, Kennedy effectively abandoned the Cuban exiles fighting on the ground against the forces of Fidel Castro. More importantly, the CIA believed that the invasion would lead to a spark in the sentiment of the people against the government of Castro thereby gaining the support of the Cubans with the offensive. In its entirety, Erich Weede observes that the failure of the invasion reinforced the ironies in the decisions and motives of the United States. Weede argues that: The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961 was the most important case of vacillation and inconsistency: President John F. Kennedy would have liked to get rid of Fidel Castro and to replace him by a more friendly government, but he did not want to send in U. S. troops when Cuban exiles were not up to the task. The Bay of Pigs disaster only reinforced Castro’s hostility toward the United States (Weede, p. 136). Thus, one of the consequences of the failure in the Bay of Pigs is the increased hostility of Fidel Castro towards the United States, which also led to his forging an informal alliance with the Soviet Union, a nation which has been a firm opponent of America. The observation of Weede reinforces the idea that Kennedy was playing things safe, owing to the fact that Cuban exiles were the primary ‘tools’ in engaging the Cuban government into a hostile battle. Piero Gleijeses further notes that one of the causes of the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasions is the â€Å"miscommunication between the CIA and the White House† and that it would have been â€Å"politically costly for Kennedy to have aborted the operation† (Gleijeses, p. 2). He stresses the point that: The Bay of Pigs was approved because the CIA and the White House assumed they were speaking the same language when, in fact, they were speaking in utterly different tongues (Gleijeses, p. 2). Gleijeses’ observation indicates that the â€Å"miscommunication between the CIA and the White House (Gleijeses, p. 2)† contributed to the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, stemming back to the discontinuation of the plans first determined prior to the attacks at the Bay. At the aftermath of the failed attempt to invade Cuba right from the Bay of Pigs, Lucien Vandenbroucke observed that Kennedy and his advisers â€Å"did not carefully weigh competing alternatives and then select the invasion of Cuba as the best policy† without taking into account the fact that â€Å"Castro had over 200,000 men in arms and the benefit of the Guatemalan precedent† (Vandenbroucke, p. 472). He further noted that: Carried out deftly enough to conceal the American hand, [the Bay of Pigs invasion] promised to deal with Castro while preserving the United State’s image. In short, then, the rational actor model suggests that the lack of other viable alternatives prompted the choice of the invasion, which appeared best in terms of a rational cost-benefit analysis (Vandenbroucken, p. 472). There is little or no disagreement over the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion which resulted to the increased tension between the United States and Cuban governments. As the tensions increased, Fidel Castro apparently looked for ways to strengthen his military capabilities and, thus, the military aid by the Soviet Union in terms of nuclear warheads was a tempting option to be easily discarded. The years that followed soon paved the way for the Cuban Missile Crisis which further smeared the capabilities of the Kennedy administration to handle tough situations which involve the security of the United States. Had the Bay of Pigs invasion been a success, there were promising chances for the American government to further launch successful offensives against the Castro government with the aid of the Cuban exiles (Dominguez, p. 20). Works Cited Dominguez, Jorge I. â€Å"Us-Cuban Relations in the 1980s: Issues and Policies. † Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27. 1 (1985): 20. Gleijeses, Piero. â€Å"Ships in the Night: The Cia, the White House and the Bay of Pigs. † Journal of Latin American Studies 27. 1 (1995): 2. Miller, Willard E. , and Ruby M. Miller. â€Å"The U. S. Invasion of Cuba: The Bay of Pigs. † United States Immigration: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1996. 53, 54. Vandenbroucke, Lucien S. â€Å"Anatomy of a Failure: The Decision to Land at the Bay of Pigs. † Political Science Quarterly 99. 3 (1984): 472. Weede, Erich. † Patterns of International Conflict During the Cold War and the Contemporary Challenge. † Economic Development, Social Order, and World Politics: With Special Emphasis on War, Freedom, the Rise and Decline of the West, and the Future of East Asia. Boulder, CO: Boulder Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996. 136. How to cite The Failed Offensive, Papers

Roles of Managers for Different Operation-Free Samples for Students

Question: Analyze the different types of Managers Operating at Kings Own Institute. Answer: Introduction: At the core of every workplace, lies the manager, bringing the positive working environment. Under the comprehensive categories, there are more nuanced communication styles that insert direct impact on the way how the employees are managed. The Kings Own Institute, Sydney at the tertiary level institution provides high quality accredited degree sources. The company aims to be identified as the favourite leading education provider. They intend to nurture the students and prepare them for a bright career. The report describes various kinds of managers and demonstrates how they are significant to the efficient operations at Kings Own Institute. Six prior reviewed journals are analyzed. An annotated bibliography is developed with the articles. Lastly, a report is generated using the articles to answer the given concern. Answering the query why the different types of managers are important to the efficient operations at Kings Institute: The business owners are regarded as the entrepreneurs till they become the managers. As they become the managers, they are bound to deal with an entirely new kind of challenges regarded as the managerial problems. Management has never been a simple job. This requires experience and knowledge. Due to this, there has been the presence of organizational structure, hierarchy and possibilities for every corporate member with sufficient experience, knowledge and skills for moving from the below to middle to the higher level of the pyramid of management. The managerial skills understood from the articles: The first ability that is understood from the above articles that are needed for the managers is the technical skill. They are not relevant to the machines, production tools or additional tools but are the skills needed to raise the sales, various kinds of services and products and the marketing of the services and products. For instance, the individual working in the sales department and having the skills of sales gained via experience and education are various agencies are considered. Due to those abilities possessed, the person could turn out to be a sales manager. It is the most effective solution as he possesses substantial technical skills relating to the sales department. Thus the technical skills are the most vital for the managers lying at the first-level. As the top managers are considered, the skills are not anything with the large level of significance. The technical expertise loses their value as the hierarchy is explored from bottom to top. Next, the articles discussed above indicate that the conceptual skills ought to be present within the managers. This indicates the ability or knowledge of the managers regarding more abstract thinking. This indicates that one can see the entire easily through the diagnosis and analysis of various states. Thus they can predict the future of the department or business as the whole. Initially, the Kings Own Institute has contained more functions or business elements like marketing, selling, production or finance. These business elements have various aims as totally opposed goals. Thus the conceptual skills help the managers to peep externally to the goals of the department. Hence they make the decisions satisfying the entire goals of the business at Kings Own Institute. The conceptual skills are important for the top level managers. However, this is less significant for the medium level managers. This is not needed for the managers at the first level. As the bottom to the top is explored the significance of the skills increases in the managerial hierarchy. The next thing that is understood from the articles is the significance of the human or interpersonal managerial skills. This presents the manager's knowledge and capability to work with the people. The later one is one of the most significant tasks. Without the people, there is no necessity for the existence of the managers and the management. These skills help the managers to turn out to be useful leaders and then motivate the employees regarding better accomplishments. Further, they need them to undergo a more useful help of the potential of the individuals at Kings Own Institute. Thus the above articles have indicated that the interpersonal management skills are the most important when all the hierarchical levels of Kings Own Institute is considered. The qualities of the most effective type of managers as mentioned in the annotated bibliography: This has not been the coincidence that the best managers possess particular characteristics in common. The researches have shown that having the respect of the employees and turning out to be a great one could be put down to some factors. First of all, they are capable communicators. The most efficient managers understand that by supplying the most well-balanced communication is needed component of being an impactful manager. The employee morale is decreased as the negative feedback is generated. This could be omitted together as the employee would not understand in which area to be improved. While communicating, they find to do that face-to-face. This is because they know the misinterpretation that is commonplace in the digital age. For improving the approachability, the managers must communicate effectively. This must include the employee-friendly body-language, leave the door open, approach the team and not punish the messenger as any problem rises. Further, they must be right listeners apart from having a strong voice. Through including the active listening to the leadership style, the methods get improved. They must earn and achieve respect. They must every time observe, query, clarify and reflect the all the body languages. It has been enabling them to come to a developed understanding of the challenges and enhance them through taking the proposals of the others on board. The managers must also understand the circumstances, weaknesses, strengths and skills of the employees. For example, the staffs should have the family roles, and the manager should supply the more flexible working hours. Thus both the parties have been taking advantages of the reduced stress and the increase in productivity. Moreover, they should be supportive. This kind of leaders is encouraging the latest ideas. They must also participate in the processes also. As the considerate and friendly behaviours are maintained the loyalty, support and friendship of the employees, the acknowledgement and positivity of the best managers must generate a scenario increasing the overall quality and productivity. The role of managers to be undertaken by Kings Institute: Firstly, the managers must understand the leadership roles. They must more efficiently coordinate the tasks of the others and lead to the subordinates. The functional and formal authority has been supplying the higher power of potential for exercising and getting the things done correctly. The managers at Kings Own Institute need to do the tasks of communication, motivation and encourage the team spirit as liked. Moreover, they require coordinating the functions of his every subordinate involving the activities of liaison. The role also needs the managers for interacting with the other managers external to the organization for securing the information and favours. Here the manager has been representing the organization in every matter of the formality. The result of the network of the contacts the managers have been getting data by scanning the peers, superiors, subordinates and environment. The manager has been receiving and seeking the data about the external and internal events for gaining the awareness of the situation and organization. This is typically done by reading the magazines and talking with the others for learning the changes in the tastes of the public that are planned by the competitors. The managers are more likely needed to gather data in the verbal format. The managers have been disseminating the data. The managers have been disseminating the data. It has been collected from various sources and by the different means. The manager has been passing some of the privileged data from the subordinates directly. This also includes the superiors and peers who do not have access to do that otherwise. The information is collected by the managers from the environments and the individual equals at Kings Own Institute. The manager has been the spokesman as they have been representing the organization to the outsiders. The manager has been needed to talk representing the Kings Own Institute and transferring the data on the actions, policies and plans of the company. Further, the manager has been keeping the superior updated of all the development in the unit. They have been in turn informing the outsiders and the insiders. Next, the managers need to perform the entrepreneurial role. He should initiate and oversee the new products improving the performance of the organization. Moreover, he must undertake the actions of disturbance handing. He must do the disturbance handling and take corrective actions for responding to the prior unseen challenges. The responsibility presents the managers as the involuntarily reacting to the pressures. Here the constraints have been severe and highly demanding the managers attention. Thus the managers are unable to ignore such situations. Further, the managers need to do the resource allocating efficiently. Here an essential support indicates the ones assigned to the subordinates. In this role, the managers need to map the monetary, physical and human resources. The managers at Kings Own Institute must have the open-door policies and permit the subordinates to express the opinions and share the experiences. The process has been helping the managers and the assistants to undertake effective decisions. Additionally, the managers must empower the subordinates through delegating the power and authority. Lastly, the managers must undergo the role of negotiator at the company of Kings Own Institute. Here the manager has been denoting the company in negotiations and bargaining with the insiders and outsiders for achieving the benefits for their units. Conclusion: The report has identified the three various roles of managers from different articles on different categories. All these are discussed separately. The managers need to perform the entire task simultaneously through integrating then with each other. Thus the primary role of the manager has been assimilating every function of the managers while playing their part in performing the activities. It is also understood that the managers are unable to play any responsibility isolating the additional roles. The managers, as the strategists need to incorporate all the functions in the decision making and performing activities. The great managers possess productive and positive relationships with the staffs. The considerable level of approachableness has been enabling a smooth flow of data to denote the challenges and problems of the business. Bibliography: Bangchokdee, S., Bangchokdee, S., Mia, L. and Mia, L., 2016. 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