Thomas Harriot essays

Thomas Harriot essays Thomas Harriot was born in 1560 in Oxford, England. Very little is known about his youth. We do know that he attended Oxford University in 1577. His father was a commoner, but unlikely from the poorest class. Harriot graduated in 1580 as an undergraduate at Oxford from St. Marys Hall. Harriot then went to London where he entered Sir Walter Raleighs service around late 1583. Harriot never published his mathematical work in his lifetime. From manuscripts we know that Harriot engaged in deep studies of optics at Syon by 1597. In July 1601 Harriot discovered the sine law of refraction of light. He studied Alhazens problem and gave a solution which involved considering an equivalent problem, namely the problem of the maximum intercept formed between a circle and a diameter of a chord rotating about a point on a circle. By 1606 he began to study the dispersions of light into colors, and began to develop a theory for the rainbow. He was a mathematician and astronomer who founded the English school of algebra. Fauvel and Goulding described him as the greatest mathematician that Oxford has produced. Still today his achievements are not fully appreciated by most mathematicians. Harriot exhibited the logarithmic spiral as the stereographic projection of a loxodrome on a sphere, which proved to be conformal. With great precision Harriot computed the loxodromes, which are the straight lines on the Mercator map. In order to achieve this precision, Harriot introduced finite difference interpolation. Another part of his work, which he is best known, is his work on algebra. He introduced a simplified notation for algebra and his fundamental research on the theory of equations. Thomas Harriot led a full life. Some of his other studies include chemistry, which he studied for almost a year, but did not make any noteworthy discoveries. Harriot was accused of being an atheist, and ...

How Christian Sects Atoned for Racism in the Church

How Christian Sects Atoned for Racism in the Church Racism has infiltrated  every sector in the United States- the armed forces,  schools, housing and, yes, even the church. After the civil rights movement, a number of religious denominations began to racially integrate. In the 21st century, several Christian sects have apologized for their role in supporting slavery, segregation and other forms of racism in the church. The Catholic Church, the Southern Baptist Convention and the United Methodist Church are just a few of the Christian denominations that have admitted to engaging in discriminatory practices and announced that they would instead strive to promote social justice. Heres  how the church has attempted to atone  for acts of racism. Southern Baptists Split From Past The Southern Baptist Convention arose after Baptists in the North and the South clashed on the issue of slavery in 1845. The Southern Baptists are the largest Protestant denomination in the country and are known for not only backing slavery but also racial segregation. In June 1995, however, the Southern Baptists apologized for supporting racial injustice. At its yearly meeting in Atlanta, the Southern Baptists passed a resolution â€Å"to repudiate historic acts of evil, such as slavery, from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest.† The group also specifically apologized to African Americans â€Å"for condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime, and we genuinely repent of racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously.† In June 2012, the Southern Baptist Convention garnered headlines for making racial progress after electing a black pastor, Fred Luter Jr., its president. Methodist Church Seeks Forgiveness For Racism United Methodist Church officials have  confessed to centuries of racism.  Delegates to its general conference in 2000 apologized to black churches that fled from the church because of bigotry. â€Å"Racism has lived like a malignancy in the bone marrow of this church for years,† said Bishop William Boyd Grove. â€Å"It is high time to say we’re sorry.† Blacks were among the first Methodists in the United States back in the 18th century, but the issue of slavery divided the church along regional and racial lines. Black Methodists ended up forming the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church because white Methodists excluded them. As recently as the 1960s, white Methodist churches in the South banned blacks from worshipping with them. Episcopal Church Apologizes for Involvement in Slavery At its 75th general convention in 2006, the Episcopal Church apologized for supporting the institution of slavery. The church issued a resolution declaring that the institution of slavery â€Å"is a sin and a fundamental betrayal of the humanity of all persons who were involved.† The church acknowledged that slavery was a sin in which it had partaken. â€Å"The Episcopal Church lent the institution of slavery its support and justification based on Scripture, and after slavery was formally abolished, the Episcopal Church continued for at least a century to support de jure and de facto segregation and discrimination,† the church confessed in its resolution. The church apologized for its history of racism and asked for forgiveness. Moreover, it directed its Committee on Anti-Racism to monitor the church’s ties to slavery and segregation and had its presiding bishop name a Day of Repentance to acknowledge its wrongdoing. Catholic Officials Deem Racism Morally Wrong Officials in the Catholic Church acknowledged that racism was morally questionable as far back as 1956, when other churches routinely practiced racial segregation. That year, New Orleans Archbishop Joseph Rummel penned the pastoral â€Å"The Morality of Racial Segregation† in which he stated, â€Å"Racial segregation as such is morally wrong and sinful because it is a denial of the unity-solidarity of the human race as conceived by God in the creation of Adam and Eve.† He announced that the Catholic Church would cease to practice segregation in its schools. Decades after Rummel’s groundbreaking pastoral, Pope John Paul II begged God’s forgiveness for several sins the church condoned, including racism.

International business memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International business memo - Essay Example Presented below is an outline of actions that need to be undertaken to successfully enter the Peruvian market. Firstly, it describes the current internal operations of ICC. Secondly, it illustrates relevant actions involving business strategy, form of international business, organisational structure, marketing strategy, IT and supply chain, which are essential for a successful expansion in Peru. This will significantly help in evaluating on whether or not expanding to Peru is an effective strategy for ICC. Objectives: Strategy: Global Orientation provide effective solution to the various chemical needs of clients across different industries effectively and efficiently distribute commodity chemical products to a broad range of industries in larger geographic areas Value Chain Configuration Take advantage of the strategic location of chemical suppliers in America Key Advantages consistently deliver industrial firms with cost efficient and high value chemical products expand distributio n of chemical products from Peru to potential markets in South America efficiently Take advantage of the strength of Industrial Chemicals Corporation maximise the benefit from the relationships with suppliers to deliver high value chemical solutions Key Disadvantage need to invest heavily in ways to increase cooperation and efficiency in the flow of chemical products from US headquarters to Peru Form of International Business Equity Alliance Enter into a strategic partnership with an existing industrial chemical distributor in Peru by gaining a minority ownership of the Peru based chemical distributor avoid exposure to high strategic, operational, and legal business risks Out of 185 countries, Peru got the 43rd spot for the best places for doing business in 2013 (World Bank) Peru ranked 44th based on the 2013 economic freedom indicator, and has the 29th freest economy among the 29 countries in Central and South America (â€Å"Peru†) Potential Problems Weak Ranking in the free dom from corruption Ratings from the freedom from corruption index is very much below the world average ((â€Å"Peru†)) Business Practices of Informal Sector About 70% of firms directly compete with unregistered businesses which is higher than the regional average of 62% (World Bank) Business Culture Differences Time Orientation Time is regarded with flexibility so it is usual to start a meeting late As an investor, it is still important to arrive on time during a business meeting (â€Å"Business Culture,† par. 1) High Power- Distance (â€Å"National Culture Dimensions,† par. 1) Hierarchical form of organisations tend to dominate; decision making is concentrated on the top (â€Å"Business Culture,† par.10) It is essential to conduct business meeting with top executives since they make the key decisions (â€Å"Business Culture,† par.10) Low Individualism (â€Å"National Culture Dimensions,† par. 4) Business relationship reflects their strong preference for collectivism; a reflection of their closely knit family relationships (â€Å"Business Culture,† par. 2) Inquiries on family matters are common during initial stage of business meeting (â€Å"Business Culture,† par. 3) Searching for the best complementary strategic partner: Conduct an analysis on the performance and culture of every potential alliance partner which operates in Peru Key characteristics of an effective strategic partner: Committed and trustworthy potential partner (Mohr & Spekman, 135) Potential

Marriott Hotels Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marriott Hotels - Research Paper Example For purposes of this brief analysis, too specific to the graphics will be analyzed with relation to formulating a marketing strategy more appropriate to the needs of Marriott Hotel group. Within this analysis, the age groups of 18 to 29 as well as 61 to 75 will be analyzed. The ultimate rationale for picking these two demographic groups is with regards to the fact that the age group between 61 to 75 represents nearly the entire non-business travel and client base that hotels receive in any given year. Similarly, it is necessary to examine the 18 to 29-year-old demographic so that the marketing strategy will not be unnecessarily/unduly focused upon the needs of a much older demographic. Likewise, it is the hope of this author that through a distinct analysis of all of these groups, the marketing strategy which will be formulated will be more able to target specific needs, weaknesses, and strengths that exist with respect to each group. Firstly, with regards to the expectations that 61 to 75-year-old age group integrates with, it is been the understanding of the research that has been performed that the level and extent to which services within the hotel experience are made available are one of the primary determinants for whether or not the experience was ultimately positive or ultimately negative (Borrus 36). Whereas this is not to say that the quality and extent to which services are offered within other age groups and demographics are not the value, it merely underscores the fact that within the specific age group a level of expectation has come to exist with regards to the way in which stakeholders within the hospitality industry will seek to go above and beyond as a means of maintaining a valued customer relationship with some of their most frequent visitors. Naturally, when engaging with an older demographic such as those between the ages of 61 to 75, it is also necessary and has been referenced from the research that this particular group places a high em phasis on the representation of an on staff concierge (Cook 155). Whereas other younger demographics might not require such services due to the pervasive level of the Internet and the readily available information that it provides, this particular older demographic still relies upon in greatly values the existence of a concierge within the hotels in which they stay. This preference and reality must necessarily inform the marketing strategy of the firm as a means not only of saving many of the concierge positions and not letting them fall victim to cost-cutting but also as a means of marketing specifically to this particular demographic. Whereas it is always been necessary for a hotel chain to update and renovate on a regular basis, with respect to the youngest in a graphic which will herein be analyzed, that of the ages between 18 to 29, this demand is of vital importance and preference (Brier 28). As a function of the research which is been performed, the author has noted that this particular demographic places a high level of emphasis and preference with regards to how modern and technically up to date a given hotel might be. Whereas all demographics place a high level of importance upon cleanliness, friendliness of staff, location, and level of services offered, the younger demographic places the most emphasis on the aesthetic values combined with the chic factor. Moreover, as one might expect, the overall level of

Effective research based strategies Essay Example for Free

Effective research based strategies Essay Reading is an activity closely linked in the person’s ability to keep record. Readers aim to understand the meaning of the written text to enhance his or her knowledge and evaluate the significance of what they had read. Effective way of reading will be achieve by using the research based strategy of summarizing and note taking. This strategy will be a good help for the reader to recognize better the content of what he or she had read. Taking down notes of the unfamiliar words or phrases are useful tactic in reading. Those phrases and words will be a great help in the process of analyzing. Using the note taking strategy such as taking the important part of the text and looking for the meaning of the unfamiliar words will be an easier technique in understanding the flow of the reading assignment. Subsequently, summarizing what was given for a reader to read will be an effective way for him or her to know the useful content of the text. Removing the nonsense content and leaving the main points of the text will result a shorter and straightforward reading task. This will be easier and faster for a reader to evaluate the contents. In summarizing, the reader can also construct ideas in a way he or she can be aware of the same content of the text. One example intended for implementation of effective summarizing and notes taking strategy will be when there was a given assignment to increase a reading conception of a person. First, they should be well instructed on how to summarize the text. Teach them that while reading the content they should know how to remove words, sentences or phrases that doesn’t have much value and idleness, make the unfamiliar words uncomplicated to be known by giving terminologies that are simple to understand, likewise retain all the important points to be aware in the reading assignment, give a sentence that states the min idea of the paragraph. This was usually to be found at or near the beginning of the summary. Mathematics Mathematics as what defined to us is the study of connection between numbers or quantities. This kind of study usually needs of analyzing problems and familiarization of tricky formulas. Some persons are good in numbers and some are not, with this, the strategy in homework and practice will be a good help in learning. Particularly for students, it will be a good manner for them to do often solving problems not only at their schools but also at home. Given practice and home works sets of math problems will help students intimately familiarize their learning at this matter. Practice is one of the perfect ways in learning things because in doing it frequently has the high tendency to retain awareness and improve the performance. Homework in addition will train the students to have a study habit at home and must be in the guidance of their parents. Teachers will also be sure that their students are enforced to study their lessons especially when it was graded. They were sure that studying math problems by their students will be continued at home and not be left at schools only. An example for this will be giving students math problems to be done at home. Homework should fit the time of the students to answer and just to be sure that they will have a practice at home for more familiarity in solving math problems Implement proper instructions on how they have to answer the problems and appropriate recognition for finishing the given homework. Emphasize that they can ask support to someone at home but they should be the one to answer the problems, someone who will help them will only serve as guide for them to learn additional strategies and lessen the difficulties they encounter upon solving. Homework should be presented the next day after it was given to discuss and assess the result. So that if there will be a poor outcome it just imply that students still have to practice more concerning the topic and the teacher will know how to give his or her support to improve the learning system. Social Studies Social studies as we all know is the study that involves the relationship among people, and the environment. It also identifies the challenges and benefits of living in a different cultural and ideological society. Identifying similarities and differences will be an effective strategy to apply in this learning because here the learners will be able to connect ideas and make some patterns in order to construct thoughts on how they view their society. The difference and similarities can be use in societal study because in giving characteristics of that particular thing we have to make some comparisons and then develop system on how to organize such descriptions. Even correlations can still present the similarity of a thing and do some of comparisons by going further than the limited thinking of the learner and this will challenge him or her to much effective way in learning. Knowing the similarity and difference will explore more the thinking of the learner for the topic given and will be able to connect ideas easily. Example on how to execute similarity and differences for social studies will be in giving a topic concerning a particular society and let the learners explore their knowledge on how they can arrive to the similarity and difference of that topic. For the case of the societies before and nowadays, how can they build ideas by expanding their opinions in evaluating the scenarios occurred? Let the learners present all their ideas focusing on the topic then organize them by distinguishing the similar and difference. Thoughts that learners already know will serve as patter for them for create much higher thinking by knowing what they already know to that given topic. Integration of ideas through identifying similarity and difference will be an effective way to learn more in given topic and a good way to increase knowledge. Uses of realistic diagram such as images in comparing will also be effective to better analyze the particular situations and make it easier, this was the new approach on how learners express their ideas in creative manner. Reference: Focus on Effective Research Based Strategies, Retrieved August 16, 2007, http://www. netc. org/focus/strategies/them. php.

A Tale Of Two Cities: Foreshadowing :: essays research papers

Many famous writers use foreshadowing. An author needs to use different instances of foreshadowing. Charles Dickens was a great British author who used foreshadowing. A Tale of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens, contains many examples of foreshadowing. One example of foreshadowing is Sydney Carton’s promise to Lucie that he will do anything for Lucy or any dear to Lucie. At the beginning of the novel when Stryver brought up to Carton his love for Lucie, â€Å"Sydney Carton drank the punch at a great rate, drank it by the bumpers, looking at his friend† (129). The fact that Sydney began drinking quickly gave the clue that Carton is developing a love for Lucie. Earlier we know this fits because of Stryver and Carton’s conversation at the Old Bailey. Carton says, â€Å"[W]ho made the Old Bailey a judge of beauty? She was a golden haired doll!† (84). These two quotes show that Sydney Carton has feelings for Lucie. When Charles Darnay marries Lucie, Carton’s feelings do not waver. â€Å"For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything† Carton says (141). This promise is the key to Carton’s fate, and with this he foreshadows his doom when he follows through with it, costing him his li fe. Another example of foreshadowing is the clues to the death of the Marquis St. Evremonde. The people that want a revolution hate the Marquis. â€Å"That I believe our name to be more detested then any name in France† from Charles Darnay to the Marquis (113). The Marquis hears this and reply’s â€Å"’A compliment’, said the Marquis, ‘to the grandeur of the family’†(showing that he is completely oblivious to what is going on in France)(113). This is foreshadowing that the people will probably punish the Marquis. The final event is when the Marquis’s coach ran over a child and he replied â€Å"’It is extraordinary to me, said he ‘ that you people cannot take care of yourselves and you children’†(102). Then Defarge throws his coin back into the carriage, showing his anger. This event angers the people, and is a key part in the foreshadowing of the Marquis’s death. The final example of foreshadowing is Dr. Manette‘s ordeal with the Evremondes. Throughout the second book in the novel, Dr. Manette’s past was clouded. We get some foreshadowing when Darnay offers to reveal his name to Dr. Manette, but Dr. Manette says â€Å"Stop!† and we start to hint that there is more going on then meets the eye (126).

I wish I was the richest person on earth Essay

I wish I was the richest person on earth, I wish I was the president of Maldives, I want to be a singer, I want to be a doctor. I’m sure you have dreams like these, well, not precisely, but I’m sure you will have dreams. Anyway, most of the times we see that people hesitate to become what they want to be and often give up on their first or second try. Why do they give up? Haven’t they heard the saying, â€Å"Failure is the key to success†? Respected teacher and my amicable friends, today I’m here to give a speech regarding the address given by J. K Rowling â€Å"the fringe benefits of Failure and the importance of Imagination. † Every great achievement was once considered impossible. Here I am pointing out three incredible people who were once said nothing before they became famous. First there is Thomas Edison, the creator of the bulb; in his early years, teachers told Edison he was â€Å"too stupid to learn anything. † Work was no better, as he was fired from his first two jobs for not being productive enough. Even as an inventor, Edison made 1,000 unsuccessful attempts at inventing the light bulb. Of course, all those unsuccessful attempts finally resulted in the design that worked. Next is the person who is known as one of the most iconic faces on TV as well as one of the most richest and successful women in the world; Oprah Winfrey. She faced a hard road to get to that position, however, enduring a rough and often abusive childhood along with numerous career setbacks including being fired from her job as a television reporter because she was â€Å"unfit for TV. † Last but, not the least; Walt Disney who was fired by a newspaper editor because, â€Å"he lacked imagination and had no good ideas. † After that, he started a number of businesses that didn’t last too long and ended with bankruptcy and failure. He kept plugging along, however, and eventually found a recipe for success that worked. From these people we have learned to never give up on our dreams. Earlier I asked a question, â€Å"Why do they give up? † Why do they actually give up? Maybe because they think it is impossible or maybe people around them say that their dream is stupid. Or maybe their parents want them to be what they want and they tend to follow their parents’ dream. Whatever the reason might be, you should know that you can’t gain anything without trying. You know the saying, â€Å"no pain, no gain† right? The commencement speech given by J. K Rowling â€Å"the fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination† tells us how important it is to dream and never give up plus it also helped us to learn from our mistakes and it’s not a big deal when you fail. You have to work hard to achieve your goal or dream. In her speech she also included the importance of imagination. Take a minute and consider the world you live in. Well, one thing is for sure – a hundred years ago, the world didn’t resemble the world in which we live in today. Consider jet airplanes. Consider computers and the Internet. These developments just didn’t appear mysteriously on the horizon one fine day. They all are here today because of imagination. Albert Einstein once said that â€Å"Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere. † which tells us how important imagination is. Finally I would like to say, failing isn’t the end of the world. Nobody is perfect. So try, try and try again until you finally reach the end of the tunnel. If you don’t go after what you want, you will never have it. If you don’t ask, the answer is always no. If you don’t step forward, you’re always in the same place. If you fell down yesterday, stand up today. An arrow can only be shot by pulling it backwards, when life is dragging you back with difficulties, it means it’s going to launch you into something great. So just focus and keep aiming, and don’t forget to keep imagining. Thank you.

Why Did European Powers Seek Colonies Overseas?

In 1871, a new form of colonisation emerged in Europe and was later differentiated from the Empires of Spain and Portugal in the 15th and 16th centuries as New Imperialism. Intelligibly, it is also referred to as ‘the Scramble for Africa’, as a result of the swift rate at which nations clamoured to gain control of weaker regions in deviated areas from the 1600’s. There is much speculation surrounding the reasoning of such accelerated expansion, however, there is a clear correlation of events that have been linked to New Imperialism.I do not attest the popular belief that this colonisation increased tension in Europe and, in this essay, I will endeavour to present a synthesis of this premise. Similar to the explorers of old imperialism, European powers were drawn to Africa for economic benefits. The British economist, J. A Hobson, argued the drive for new colonies was influenced by the desire of capitalists to profit from these regions. The credibility of this asse rtion is heightened by the knowledge of the ongoing industrialisation of Europe, prompting a demand for larger markets and cheaper raw materials and labour.It was equally the case of nations, such as Britain, that were at the end of the industrial boom, as they sought new markets for manufactured goods. The abandonment of free trade in Europe in the 1870s signified the introduction of a wave of tariffs on imported goods and resulted in a sweeping effect across Europe to search for alternative markets elsewhere. The validation of this is reflected in the leap of Britain’s overseas investments from 187 million pounds in 1871 to 4,000 million pounds in 1914.Economic advantage was certainly a motivating factor, however, some European nations, such as France, underwent little industrial growth and had gained little from colonising. It appears imperialism was a source of national pride and acted as a distraction to unfavourable events at home. This was certainly the case in France, which was still recovering from a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian war and was understandably envious of its European counterparts that were replete with wealth and power.It is then unsurprising that the French became one of the leading imperialists of the time, with an empire of Indo-China, north and west Africa and over 60 million people by 1914, although their colonies contributed sparsely to the economy. Imperialism was an accepted route to regard, as was expressed by both the French statesman, Leon Gambetta in the remark, â€Å"to remain a great nation/you must colonise† and the British writer A. C Benson, in his song, â€Å"Land of Hope and Glory† which applauded colonisation.The most intriguing and often bewildering explanation for imperialism was concerned with philanthropy. Although it seems an unnatural concept in this day and age, 19th century Europeans believed they were a superior race and it was their duty to cultivate European ideas and ways of living in Africa. This perspective was a manipulated adaptation of Darwin’s theory of natural selection and was widely regarded, particularly in Britain and Germany, as the truth.The view of the British writer, Rudyard Kipling, in ‘The White Man’s Burden’ is an appropriate reflection of this and depicts the so-called â€Å"burden† upon Europeans to help less fortunate races. Evidently, it was conceited; nevertheless, missionaries such as The White Fathers and Robert Moffat made progress in Africa to soothe troubles and, polemically, converted many from Paganism to Christianity. European Governments often used Darwin’s theory as an excuse to subjugate Africans and, thus, imperialism grew in popularity.Technological advances like the railway, steamship and telegraph and improved weaponry like the breech-loading rifle, capable of firing several rounds before the need to reload also gave Europeans a distinct advantage over natives and made Afric a much more vulnerable to attack. Many saw medical advances, such as, the use of quinine as protection from malaria and advances in transport as an opportunity to explore what was known as the ‘Dark Continent’, as many of the inner regions of Africa remained untouched until this time.The most famous of which, Dr. David Livingstone, whom travelled from his native Scotland to the vast regions of Central Africa to carry out medical and missionary work, enlightened the imagination of the European public. In 1869, Henry Stanley of the New York Herald sent for Livingstone after a loss of contact for over four years, and eventually succeeded when Livingstone was found at Lake Tanganyika in east Africa, greeting him with the famous line, â€Å"Dr. Livingstone, I presume? †. Following the disclosure of the story, Europeans became increasingly nterested in what Africa had to offer and pressure was put on governments to colonise; in Germany, many lobby groups, such as The G erman Navy League were created in support of colonisation and achieved their desires when Bismark, apparently â€Å"no man for colonies† acquired colonies in the Cameroons, Togal and east Africa, south west Africa and the Pacific Islands, like Marshall Isle. In fact, it was with adept explorers that ‘The Scramble of Africa’ began, when, in 1870, Henry Stanley took his experience from travelling Africa and, under the advice of King Leopold of Belgium, formed the International African Association.He then reached agreements with tribal leaders in the Congo region, in which they placed themselves and their subjects under the protection of King Leopold. The French followed suit with their explorer, Savorgnan de Brazza, being sent to the north of the River Congo where he reached similar agreements with indigenous tribal chiefs. The Germans joined in with their protectorate over the Cameroons in 1884 and so the scramble commenced. Wilhelm II was in power in Germany from 1890 to 1914, at the height of imperialism. He is largely responsible for the damaged relations in Europe as opposed to colonisation.Under the management of Bismark, 1871-1890, Europe was reasonably calm and relations remained unchanged, regardless of the imperialism taking place at the time. Bismarck realised the potential tension that could arise as a result of the race for colonies and called The Second Conference of Berlin, 1884-1885, to resolve the issue. It was agreed that the Congo Free State would be controlled by an international organisation and was to operate on a free trade basis, meaning the importation of goods would go without taxation.Natives were not to be exploited by European powers and the slave trade was to be abolished. Most importantly, Africa was to be divided into spheres of influence, whereby European powers were to be given economic and political rights in particular areas of the continent. This move cleared any uncertainty regarding where one could colon ise, with the exception of The Fashoda Crisis, 1898, which actually resulted in improved Anglo-French relations, following a brief clash over interests in a small village on the Nile in southern Sudan.In 1896, General Kitchener led the British in an attempt to secure Sudan from the north, while French forces, under General Marchand, arrived in Fashoda, 650km from the British-occupied Khartoum, seeking the very same result. Both leaders confronted one another at Fashoda and remained there for six months, until the French Foreign Minister, Theophile Delcasse, stood down, as the French were unprepared for war without their Russian ally and their difficult time after the Dreyfus Affair. The incident ended peacefully. Following the resignation of Bismarck in 1890, European relations were severed and the balance of power shifted uneasily.However, this was not the result of colonial rivalry; Wilhelm II made numerous mistakes in his administration of German foreign policy to disrupt Europea n relations and cause tension. This began with his poor response to Britain’s humiliating defeat in what is known as, the Jameson Raid. In 1895, the British Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, along with Cecil Rhodes, Prime Minister of the Cape Colony and Dr. Starr Jameson, official to the British South African Company led a badly organised attack on the Boers in the Transvaal area of South Africa. They were easily defeated and Jameson himself was captured.This incident humiliated the British but did not affect European relations; it was the unnecessary telegram sent by Wilhelm II to Paul Kruger, President of the Transvaal, congratulating him of his defeat of the British, â€Å"without appealing to a friendly power† that caused uproar and hostility throughout Europe. The incident to follow – the First Moroccan Crisis, 1905-1906 – was a means of sabre rattling or troublemaking for Wilhelm II. In 1905, having been suspicious of French intentions, he lan ded his yacht at Tangiers and announced his support of Moroccan independence to the Sultan and pledged German protection of that independence.He then demanded a conference to be held in Algeciras to discuss the matter which France reluctantly agreed to. The main intention of Wilhelm II at this point was to test the strength of the Entente Cordiale between France and Britain and he hoped to weaken it through this intervention. However, Germany managed only to get the support of Morocco and Austria-Hungary, while France was supported by Britain, the US, Russia, Spain and even Italy. The crisis strengthened rather than weakened the Entente and was a direct result of the sabre rattling of Wilhelm II, not colonial rivalry.He interceded once again in the Second Moroccan Crisis, 1911, when he accused France of annexing Morocco. The grounds of his argument, after the occupation of French troops of Morocco when a war had broken out in the capital, Fez and foreigners were in danger, was a sup posed breech of the terms agreed in the Algeciras Conference, 1906. Wilhelm II sent a gunboat, the Panther to Agadir, however the British then intervened by commanding his retreat and threatening to send naval forces to stop him. He surrendered and Anglo-French ties were further strengthened.Wilhelm II was viewed as a warmonger – a seeker of war – and tension within Europe was strong, as a result of his conduct. New Imperialism did not occur as a result of one factor, but of an accumulation of vacillating events, for example, industrialisation that prompted technological advances, which encouraged explorers and eventually a saturation of industry or a failure to industrialise and a need to gain prestige elsewhere – all of which contributed heavily to imperialism. Regardless of the reasoning, by the 19th century, all of Africa with the exception of Abyssinia and Liberia had been conquered by European powers.However, the important question remains on how colonisat ion affected European relations; was it truly a contributing factor to World War I or was it indeed a derivative of existing tension at home that was actually accelerated by distrust between nations? Is it possible that imperialism was simply a distraction for Europeans from their quickly diminishing relations and may have delayed the inevitable outburst of war? It remains unanswered but I simply hope I have justified a slightly different interpretation of the affairs outlined above.

Litter problem essay Essays

Litter problem essay Essays Litter problem essay Essay Litter problem essay Essay As a proposal to help with the littering problem on campus, I suggest more trashcans in the parking lots and other high trafficked areas, some motivational propaganda to promote awareness of litter problem and arsenal student initiatives to help keep campus clean. Lets look a little more at the main reasons people give for why there is litter on campus. The first reason given is laziness, they dont feel like walking to a trashcan to throw away their garbage this is also a lack of motivation. Some think that since there is maintenance it is their job to pick up trash anyway so they are helping provide them a job. Also they let it pile up in their car or they throw it in the back of their truck and the valid blows it out of the vehicle. Another reason given for littering is the lack of available trashcans in a parking lot or other high traffic areas. As a cause of this Students, Patrons, and visitors just throw their trash in the parking lot instead off trashcan. As Mr.. Ray Gillespie has said a big problem as far as littering is from the movement of trash as its being collected. Trash often ends up flying out the back of the Gators that are used to transport trash bags collected in between buildings and from dumpsters as they are being emptied by the garbage trucks. My Proposal to help with the litter problem on campus is to first provide more trashcans in and around the parking lots and high trafficked areas. The trashcans should be highly visible, so bright attention grabbing colors would be preferable, so as to encourage people to use them. Another way to help with the litter problem is to create awareness of the problem using motivational propaganda, such as posters, bulletins and other signage. Also by having clean up days that involve students and faculty, especially clubs that are on campus this will help create more awareness. A possible way to encourage student involvement as well would be the possibility of incentives. The incentives could range from a free lunch to extra credit in one of their classes if the teacher is willing. In conclusion, to help with the litter problem on campus, we need to find ways to encourage students to have a personal incentive to keep the campus clean. Create motivational propaganda to create awareness of the litter problem. Provide more trashcans and make them visible to encourage students, patrons, and visitor: to throw trash in trashcans instead of on the ground.

Overview of Harappan Culture in India

Overview of Harappan Culture in India The earliest imprints of human activities in India go back to the Paleolithic Age, roughly between 400,000 and 200,000 B.C. Stone implements and cave paintings from this period have been discovered in many parts of South Asia. Evidence of domestication of animals, the adoption of agriculture, permanent village settlements, and wheel-turned pottery dating from the middle of the sixth millennium B.C. has been found in the foothills of Sindh and Baluchistan (or Balochistan in current Pakistani usage), both in present-day Pakistan. One of the first great civilizations - with a writing system, urban centers, and a diversified social and economic system - appeared around 3,000 B.C. along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. It covered more than 800,000 square kilometers, from the borders of Baluchistan to the deserts of Rajasthan, from the Himalayan foothills to the southern tip of Gujarat. The remnants of two major cities - Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa - reveal remarkable engineeri ng feats of uniform urban planning and carefully executed layout, water supply, and drainage. Excavations at these sites and later archaeological digs at about seventy other locations in India and Pakistan provide a composite picture of what is now generally known as Harappan culture (2500-1600 B.C.). The Ancient Cities The major cities contained a few large buildings including a citadel, a large bath - perhaps for personal and communal ablution - differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers enclosing meeting halls and granaries. Essentially a city culture, Harappan life was supported by extensive agricultural production and by commerce, which included trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). The people made tools and weapons from copper and bronze but not iron. Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated. Harappan culture was conservative and remained relatively unchanged for centuries; whenever cities were rebuilt after periodic flooding, the new level of construction closely followed the previous pattern. Although stability, regularity, and conservatism seem to have been the hallmarks of this people, it is unclear who wielded authority, whether an aristocratic, priestly, or commercial minority. Ancient Artifacts By far, the most exquisite and most obscure Harappan artifacts unearthed to date are steatite seals found in abundance at Mohenjo-Daro. These small, flat, and mostly square objects with human or animal motifs provide the most accurate picture there is of Harappan life. They also have inscriptions generally thought to be in the Harappan script, which has eluded scholarly attempts at deciphering it. Debate abounds as to whether the script represents numbers or an alphabet, and, if an alphabet, whether it is proto-Dravidian or proto-Sanskrit. The Fall of Harappan Civilization The possible reasons for the decline of Harappan civilization have long troubled scholars. Invaders from central and western Asia are considered by some historians to have been the destroyers of Harappan cities, but this view is open to reinterpretation. More plausible explanations are recurrent floods caused by tectonic earth movement, soil salinity, and desertification. A series of migrations by Indo-European-speaking seminomads took place during the second millennium B.C. Known as Aryans, these preliterate pastoralists spoke an early form of Sanskrit, which has close philological similarities to other Indo-European languages, such as Avestan in Iran and ancient Greek and Latin. The term Aryan meant pure and implied the invaders conscious attempts at retaining their tribal identity and roots while maintaining a social distance from earlier inhabitants. The Aryans Arrive Although archaeology has not yielded proof of the identity of the Aryans, the evolution and spread of their culture across the Indo-Gangetic Plain is generally undisputed. Modern knowledge of the early stages of this process rests on a body of sacred texts: the four Vedas (collections of hymns, prayers, and liturgy), the Brahmanas and the Upanishads (commentaries on Vedic rituals and philosophical treatises), and the Puranas (traditional mythic-historical works). The sanctity accorded to these texts and the manner of their preservation over several millennia - by an unbroken oral tradition - make them part of the living Hindu tradition. These sacred texts offer guidance in piecing together Aryan beliefs and activities. The Aryans were a pantheistic people, following their tribal chieftain or raja, engaging in wars with each other or with other alien ethnic groups, and slowly becoming settled agriculturalists with consolidated territories and differentiated occupations. Their skills in using horse-drawn chariots and their knowledge of astronomy and mathematics gave them a military and technological advantage that led others to accept their social customs and religious beliefs. By around 1,000 B.C., Aryan culture had spread over most of India north of the Vindhya Range and in the process assimilated much from other cultures that preceded it. The Changing of Culture The Aryans brought with them a new language, a new pantheon of anthropomorphic gods, a patrilineal and patriarchal family system, and a new social order, built on the religious and philosophical rationales of varnashramadharma. Although precise translation into English is difficult, the concept varnashramadharma, the bedrock of Indian traditional social organization, is built on three fundamental notions: varna (originally, color, but later taken to mean social class), ashrama (stages of life such as youth, family life, detachment from the material world, and renunciation), and dharma (duty, righteousness, or sacred cosmic law). The underlying belief is that present happiness and future salvation are contingent upon ones ethical or moral conduct; therefore, both society and individuals are expected to pursue a diverse but righteous path deemed appropriate for everyone based on ones birth, age, and station in life. The original three-tiered society - Brahman (priest; see Glossary), K shatriya (warrior), and Vaishya (commoner) - eventually expanded into four in order to absorb the subjugated people - Shudra (servant) - or even five, when the outcaste peoples are considered. The basic unit of Aryan society was the extended and patriarchal family. A cluster of related families constituted a village, while several villages formed a tribal unit. Child marriage, as practiced in later eras, was uncommon, but the partners involvement in the selection of a mate and dowry and bride-price was customary. The birth of a son was welcome because he could later tend the herds, bring honor in battle, offer sacrifices to the gods, and inherit property and pass on the family name. Monogamy was widely accepted although polygamy was not unknown, and even polyandry is mentioned in later writings. Ritual suicide of widows was expected at a husbands death, and this might have been the beginning of the practice known as sati in later centuries when the widow actually burnt herself on her husbands funeral pyre. The Evolving Landscape Permanent settlements and agriculture led to trade and other occupational differentiation. As lands along the Ganga (or Ganges) were cleared, the river became a trade route, the numerous settlements on its banks acting as markets. Trade was restricted initially to localareas, and barter was an essential component of trade, cattle being the unit of value in large-scale transactions, which further limited the geographical reach of the trader. Custom was law, and kings and chief priests were the arbiters, perhaps advised by certain elders of the community. An Aryan raja, or king, was primarily a military leader, who took a share from the booty after successful cattle raids or battles. Although the rajas had managed to assert their authority, they scrupulously avoided conflicts with priests as a group, whose knowledge and austere religious life surpassed others in the community, and the rajas compromised their own interests with those of the priests.

Contribute to the care of mothers and babies interview Essay

Contribute to the care of mothers and babies interview - Essay Example I was particularly pleasantly surprised to learn that the father I have grown to imagine as tough and busy actually took his time to change my baby diapers in the middle of the nights. I also interviewed a 45 year old lady who has had three girls concerning the changes she has noticed in maternal care over the three different births and those of her sisters and friends. She reckons that each time she visits a maternity center she notices considerable improvements and more personalized health care. A third interview involved a 32 year old woman who shed more light on the various gadgets that she finds helpful in providing care for a new born and parenting. In the fourth interview with a 58 year old woman, we discussed the period of stay in hospital after child birth and some of the general positives and negatives one can contend with in a maternity. In my fifth and final interview, with a 68 year old woman, we looked at and debunked some common myths/ superstitions that are common regarding pregnancy. The roles of a father during and after pregnancy are ever changing with fathers becoming more engaged in the affairs of the expectant mother and the child (Koutoukidis, Stainton, and Hughson, 2013). This is unlike in the past when fathers would take a back seat or revel in the presence of a house help. Research indicates that the active involvement of fathers during and after pregnancy aids in the healthy all-round development of the child, increases bond and aids in the recovery of the mother, with activities such as changing nappies, bathing babies, organizing baby car seats, having contacts of who to call when necessary, preparing a baby area at home, ensuring healthy feeding of (expectant) mother, doing laundry, ensuring home safety, accompanying mother to clinical checkups before and after delivery (Koutoukidis, Stainton, and Hughson, 2013, 66), and so on, vital